Exodus

Choshen is the breast-piece. Ephod is kept as the name of the garment. Me‘il is the robe. Ketonet tashbets is a tunic of patterned work. Mitznefet is the turban. Avnet is the sash.

Several of these stone names are not settled as modern gems, so the Hebrew names are kept. Odem is a red stone. Pitdah, nophekh, yahalom, leshem, shevo, and tarshish are not given an English gem name. Sappir is sapphire. Shoham is the same stone as on the shoulders. Yashfeh is jasper. Bareqet is a flashing stone. Achlamah is a purple stone. “Amethyst,” “emerald,” and “diamond” are not printed as if the Hebrew had named them.

The written form is מטבעתו, “from its ring,” singular. The Masoretic reading is מטבעתיו, “from its rings.” The written singular is printed.

Urim and Thummim are kept as names. “Lights” and “perfections” are possible senses of the words, and they are not printed as a translation of the objects. The Hebrew does not describe how they were used.

Tachra is a coat of mail, or a leather collar. “Like the opening of a coat of mail” is printed. The comparison is the Hebrew’s, and the garment is not identified further.

Tzitz is printed “a plate.” The word is also a blossom. The object is the gold piece on the forehead.

Mille yad is “fill the hand.” It is the rite of putting a priest into office. “Ordain” is the sense, and the gesture is what the Hebrew writes.