Drafted by Grok 4.7 on 8 October 2026. First draft. Not independently reviewed. Leningrad Codex, through the Open Scriptures Westminster Leningrad Codex. The written consonants are printed. A Masoretic reading is footnoted when it differs. No Dead Sea reading was substituted unless it was read from a fragment. The Samaritan Pentateuch and the Greek, Syriac, and Latin versions are witnesses, not the default.
1These are the generations of the sons of Noah: Shem, Ham, and Japheth. Sons were born to them after the flood.
2The sons of Japheth: Gomer, Magog, Madai, Javan, Tubal, Meshech, and Tiras.
3The sons of Gomer: Ashkenaz, Riphath, and Togarmah.
4The sons of Javan: Elishah, Tarshish, the Kittim, and the Dodanim.
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Leningrad writes Dodanim. A Greek witness of this list has a name beginning with R in this place. The Hebrew writing is printed. The Greek name is not substituted.
5From these the coastlands of the nations were divided into their lands, each by its language, by their clans, in their nations.
6The sons of Ham: Cush, Egypt, Put, and Canaan.
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Mizraim is the name printed “Egypt.” It is the ordinary Hebrew name of that land.
7The sons of Cush: Seba, Havilah, Sabtah, Raamah, and Sabteca. The sons of Raamah: Sheba and Dedan.
8Cush fathered Nimrod. He began to be a warrior on the earth.
9He was a warrior of the hunt before Yahweh. Therefore it is said, “Like Nimrod, a warrior of the hunt before Yahweh.”
10The beginning of his kingdom was Babel, Erech, Accad, and Calneh, in the land of Shinar.
11From that land he went out to Asshur and built Nineveh, Rehoboth-ir, Calah,
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“He went out to Asshur” can also be read “Asshur went out.” The subject is not marked. Nimrod is the person of the previous sentence, and that is who is printed as going out.
12and Resen between Nineveh and Calah. That is the great city.
13Egypt fathered the Ludim, the Anamim, the Lehabim, the Naphtuhim,
14the Pathrusim, the Casluhim, from whom the Philistines came out, and the Caphtorim.
15Canaan fathered Sidon, his firstborn, and Heth,
16and the Jebusite, the Amorite, the Girgashite,
17the Hivite, the Arkite, the Sinite,
18the Arvadite, the Zemarite, and the Hamathite. Afterward the clans of the Canaanite spread out.
19The border of the Canaanite was from Sidon, as you come toward Gerar, as far as Gaza, and as you come toward Sodom, Gomorrah, Admah, and Zeboiim, as far as Lasha.
20These are the sons of Ham by their clans, by their languages, in their lands, in their nations.
21Sons were also born to Shem, the father of all the sons of Eber, the older brother of Japheth.
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“The older brother of Japheth” follows the Hebrew phrase as a description of Shem. The words can be pressed to make Japheth the older one. Shem is the brother named in the phrase’s head, and that is how it is printed.
22The sons of Shem: Elam, Asshur, Arpachshad, Lud, and Aram.
23The sons of Aram: Uz, Hul, Gether, and Mash.
24Arpachshad fathered Shelah, and Shelah fathered Eber.
25To Eber two sons were born. The name of the one was Peleg, for in his days the earth was divided. His brother’s name was Joktan.
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Peleg sits next to the verb “was divided.” What was divided, peoples or land, the sentence does not say.
26Joktan fathered Almodad, Sheleph, Hazarmaveth, Jerah,
29Ophir, Havilah, and Jobab. All these were the sons of Joktan.
30Their settlement was from Mesha, as you come toward Sephar, the hill country of the east.
31These are the sons of Shem by their clans, by their languages, in their lands, by their nations.
32These are the clans of the sons of Noah by their generations, in their nations. From these the nations were divided on the earth after the flood.